BANKING SECTOR DEVELOPS RURAL WOMEN THROUGH MICRO FINANCE: AN ANALYSIS

The institutional credit agencies like commercial banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBS) and Cooperative banks have been playing a pivotal role in the formation, strengthening and development of the Self-Help Groups (SHGs) through micro finance in India. In fact, the banking institutions have become more instrumental in developing micro-enterprises by the women members of Self-Help Groups through providing financial services. Self-Help Groups linkage programmes is suitable and an effective intervention in economic uplift met and financial inclusion for the bottom of the pyramid.1 A proven platform initially conceived for increasing the outreach of banking services among the poor has since graduated to a programme for promotion of livelihoods and poverty the banking sector in rural and urban areas.2 An attempt is made her to analyze the different, financial agencies such as CBs, RRBs and Cooperative banks in providing financial services to the poor and marginalized sections for the promotion and strengthening of self-help groups in India. Micro-finance is an economic development tool whose objective is to assist the poor to work their way out of poverty. In fact, micro-finance is powerful weapon to remove the poverty in our country. There is a greater involvement of banks in providing the loans to the women members of the Self-Help Groups in the country. The institutional credit agencies have played a crucial role in the development of the poor women members of the SHGs.The Regional Rural Banks have covered more than 45 per cent of the women by way of providing loans and advances whereas the Commercial Banks have given the highest amount of loans to the women members of the SHGs. The Cooperative Banks are in the third position in providing the microcredit to the women members of the SHGs. On the whole, the banking sector has played a dominant role in the provision of the bank loans to the poor women of the SHGs in India.

Growth-of-shgs-and-empowerment-of-women

Micro finance through Self Help Group (SHG) has been recognized internationally as the modern tool to combat poverty and for rural development. Micro finance and SHGs are effective in reducing poverty, empowering women and creating awareness which finally results in sustainable development of the nation. Micro finance define as efforts to improve poor people's access to loans and saving services may be the fastest growing and most widely recognized anti-poverty too. Micro finance includes basic financial services including small loans, savings accounts, funds transfers and insurance. A long side non-financial service such as business training Micro finance assists people living in poverty who wouldn't usually qualify for regular banking services because they have no form of collateral or formal identification. An attempt is made here to examine the impact of the microfinance on the development of the Self-Help Groups in India. The total number of self-help groups which have maintained savings with banks is 100 lakhs during 2018-19 but only 26.98 lakhs i.e 26.95 percent of the SHGs have obtained credit from the financial institutions. Out of 74.62 lakh SHGs, only 11.96 lakhs i.e. 16.03 percent of the SHGs have got micro-credit from the institutional credit agencies during 2010-11. The above analysis indicates that the number of SHGs which got micro credit has increased from 16 percent to 27 percent i.e only 11 percentage points increased in 2018-19 over 2010-11. About 73 percent of the SHGs are out of the purview of the public financial institutions. Majority of the women members of SHGs are away from the institutional credit agencies. These marginalized women have to depend on informal financial services for their credit needs. So that the financial informal sector (mostly moneylenders)has continued to rule in the rural economy. There is a need to break the monopoly of door step availability of credit to these marginalized sections by the informal sources of credit. The credit needs of the women members have enormously increasing for the last two decades. The average loan disbursement per SHG has increased from Rs.1.22 lakhs during 2010-11 to Rs.2.16 lakhs during 2018-19. This is inadequate to meet the credit requirements of the members in the SHGs. Hence it should be made four to five times of the micro credit per SHGs. The bank loans are not regularly paid by the members of the SHGs. Hence, the amount of loan outstanding has continuously increased since 2010-11. It is evident from the fact that the average outstanding bank loans against SHGs shows higher level. The average outstanding per SHG has increased from Rs.65, 224 during 2010-11 to Rs.171543 during 2018-19, shows two and half-fold increase. As a result of it the overall NPA rate in bank loan to SHGs is steadily increasing since 1910-11. However, the overall NPA rate in bank loan to SHG is 5.19 percent as on 31-03-2019 registering a fall of 93 basis points from the previous level of 6.12 percent. The above analysis reveals that the steady declining the rate of NPA is indicating the recovery of loans made of SHGs is improving during the last few years.

Revisión Sistemática Sobre Educación Financiera en el Contexto Educativo Primario / Systematic Review on Financial Education in the Primary Educational Context / Revisão Sistemática sobre educação financeira no contexto da escola primária

Resumen Introducción: a través de la siguiente investigación se presentan los resultados de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, siguiendo la declaración PRISMA, sobre Educación Financiera en el contexto de enseñanza primaria. Objetivo: analizar a través de indicadores bibliométricos y cualitativos en la base de datos SCOPUS el estado de la Educación Financiera en el contexto de enseñanza primaria. Materiales y Métodos: Con un diseño longitudinal y descriptivo, se analizan los indicadores bibliométricos complementados con un análisis cualitativo de elementos particulares que se quieren dar a conocer, por la cobertura que entregan y su alcance en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades se analizó la base de datos SCOPUS hasta el año 2020, siguiendo los elementos establecidos en la declaración PRISMA. Resultados: La búsqueda inicial proporcionó 170 artículos, de los cuales quedaron 16 para su estudio. Una vez analizados los artículos, según los 10 criterios de evaluación, se encontró que los programas de Educación Financiera tienen en promedio, impactos considerables en el conocimiento financiero, similar a las intervenciones educativas en otros dominios. Conclusión. El valor del estudio es potenciar la construcción del conocimiento existente sobre la educación financiera en educación primaria, contribuyendo a dilucidar su complejidad y aplicación que transita desde lo multidisciplinario a lo contextualizado, junto a ello la idea de incrementar el refuerzo en los primeros años de escolaridad, ya que genera efectos positivos sobre los comportamientos financieros entre los estudiantes luego de participar en programas de intervención.

Abstract Introduction: this research presents the results of a systematic literature review, following the PRISMA statement, on financial education in the context of primary education. Objective: to analyze through bibliometric and qualitative indicators in the SCOPUS database the state of financial education in the first education. Materials and Methods: with a longitudinal and descriptive design, bibliometric indicators are analyzed complemented with a qualitative analysis of elements that we want to make known, due to the coverage they provide and their scope in social sciences and humanities, the SCOPUS database was analyzed until the year 2020, following the elements established in the PRISMA statement. Results: the initial search yielded 170 articles, where 16 were left for study. Once the articles were analyzed according to the 10 evaluation criteria, it was found that financial education programs have, on average, considerable impacts on financial knowledge, like educational interventions in other domains. Conclusion: the value of the study is to enhance the construction of existing knowledge on financial education in primary education, contributing to elucidate its complexity and application that transits from the multidisciplinary to the contextualized, together with the idea of increasing reinforcement in the first years of schooling, since it generates positive effects on financial behaviors among students after participating in intervention programs.

Resumo Introdução: a investigação apresenta os resultados de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, na sequência da declaração PRISMA, sobre Educação Financeira no contexto do ensino primário. Objetivo: analisar através de indicadores bibliométricos e qualitativos na base de dados SCOPUS o estado da educação financeira no contexto do ensino primário. Materiais e Métodos: com um desenho longitudinal e descritivo, os indicadores bibliométricos são analisados complementados com uma análise qualitativa de elementos particulares que queremos dar a conhecer, devido à cobertura que proporcionam e ao seu alcance em Ciências Sociais e Humanas. A base de dados SCOPUS foi analisada até 2020, seguindo os elementos estabelecidos na declaração PRISMA. Resultados: a pesquisa inicial forneceu 170 artigos, dos quais 16 foram deixados para estudo. Uma vez analisados os artigos de acordo com os 10 critérios de avaliação, verificou-se que os programas de Educação Financeira têm, em média, impactos consideráveis na literacia financeira, semelhantes aos das intervenções educativas noutros domínios. Conclusão. O valor do estudo é reforçar a construção dos conhecimentos existentes sobre educação financeira no ensino primário, contribuindo para elucidar a sua complexidade e aplicação que transita do multidisciplinar para o contextualizado, juntamente com a ideia de aumentar o reforço nos primeiros anos de escolaridade, uma vez que gera efeitos positivos nos comportamentos financeiros dos alunos após a participação em programas de intervenção.

Behavioural Finance - A Review Paper

The current research examines the evolution of behavioural finance over the span of financial history. It contains the earliest records of stock market behaviour oddities recorded by researchers. Traditional finance is discussed first, followed by an examination of traditional ideas in instances when they are judged inadequate. The study then discusses the importance of behavioural finance and its key role in creating a connection between real-world scenarios and classical assumptions.

A STUDY ON AGRICULTURE FINANCE: NEW PARADIGM FOR GUJARAT AGRICULTURE SECTOR

India as developing country is hugely depending upon agriculture due to labour intensive technique adopted in agriculture sector. Gujarat is greater contributor because of its demographical advantage and crop pattern. Despite of industrial growth in Gujarat state, it can be said that Gujarat still did not lost its potential and growth in playing its part in agricultural development. Agriculture finance on other side has its crucial role to play in growth of agriculture Finance. The present paper indicates the potential and performance of agriculture in Gujarat state and also attempt has been made to address agriculture finance performance in Gujarat. Gujarat has not preserved and developed its natural resources when it comes to farming. Farmers also suffer due to lack of irrigation facilities. The methods of cultivation in most areas of India are still ancient. Farmers are not able to adopt modernization due to lack of fund and exposure towards it. It is the government which concentrate more on agriculture finance by providing micro credit, crop loan and crop insurance, which aim to uplift stand of living of the farmers.

THE SCIENCE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN KAUTILYA'S ARTHASASTRA

The twenty-first century’s emerging social, cultural, political, economic, and ethical values have encouraged a revival of interest in Kau?ilya's Artha??stra, which is expected to gain more attention. During the last three decades, the science of Financial Management has grown exponentially. It is so because the growing scarcity of resources, both human and natural, will require better and more scientific Management of these resources. The Artha??stra holds a lot of potential because it contains a lot of ideas and concepts that can be used in management science. The primary goal of this paper is to find solutions from Kau ilya's Artha??stra to the managerial challenges that today’s economies encounter and assess? the relevance of Kau ilya's model in today’s management science, particularly in India.

A STUDY ON THE PERCEPTION TOWARDS THE AGRICULTURAL FINANCE PROVIDED BY THE BANKS IN RURAL AREAS

Indian Economy is heavily depending upon Agriculture since independence, as it contains high weight age in total contribution of national income, so we can say in India agriculture is not business rather way of living life. Agriculture not only contributes to GDP but also in export and import, food processing business and other agricultural business. As India is labour intensive country and also most of peoples live in rural area, agriculture and related business provides majority of employment opportunity in their local region only. India has not preserved and developed its natural resources when it comes to farming. Farmers also suffer due to lack of irrigation facilities. The methods of cultivation in most areas of India are still primitive. There has been a scarcity of fresh investments in agriculture sectors. Indian agricultural industry has its own tailbacks at each stage. The present paper focus on how farmers perceives agricultural loan, do they believe it is really contributing in to economic well being? This paper also attempts and possible suggestion to the stake holders to act in decisive mode while addressing famers issue related to agriculture finance

Development and Utilization of "One-Stop Finance Service" forRelief Fund for Hemophilia Patients / 罕见病研究

The economic burden of medication for hemophilia patients is heavy. Charitable donation is a key way to supplement relief funds for the patients. In order to explore the appropriate and efficient usage of the relief funds, Nanfang Hospital was one of the earliest ones that launched the "one-stop finance service" of relief funds. The practice and experience of the service have been widely referred to and applied in other places, and achieved good results. This article reviews the practice and cases, and discusses the significance in reducing the burden of patients and in improving the efficiency of hemophilia relief.

Design and application of intelligent bedside mobile payment from the perspective of industry and finance integration / 中华医院管理杂志

Based on the ideas of management systemization, system standardization, process specialisation, post accountability, duty formalization, form informatization, information digitization and digital intelligence, the smart, mobile and paperless bedside billing service was developed which incorporated both functional and financial prospects. The innovation was realized by Internet+ bedside billing and an integrated information platform, so that the inter-hospital billing system could be connected to the medical insurance system, electrical receive system and commercial insurance system. This saved manpower and equipment deployment, and improved service quality. The bedside intelligent mobile billing system of a hospital was launched in January 2021, and the average discharge billing time of inpatients in 2020 and 2021 was 44.36 min and 30.59 min, respectively, and the online billing fee time was significantly shorter than offline billing in 2021, and the differences were all significant( P<0.01).

Eficiência e rentabilidade das agências financeiras de fomento / Eficiencia y rentabilidad de las agencias financieras de desarrollo / Efficiency and profitability of development finance agencies

Resumo As agências financeiras de fomento (AFFs) configuram mecanismos de realização de políticas públicas de investimento e desenvolvimento, cujo objetivo maior é a propagação do bem-estar social, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento social e econômico dos estados, a fim de garantir sua sustentabilidade e reduzir as desigualdades regionais e sociais. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo é analisar o nível de eficiência e rentabilidade das AFFs brasileiras. O exame se caracteriza como pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa. Empregou-se a análise de índices-padrão para analisar a eficiência e a rentabilidade dessas agências, bem como testes de medianas para verificar se o tamanho da agência influencia nesses indicadores de desempenho. A amostra foi composta por 14 AFFs, no período de 2012 a 2018. Os resultados apontaram que as AFFs de maior porte tendem a obter nível excelente de eficiência, enquanto agências com menor infraestrutura se encontraram classificadas nos níveis regular e insatisfatório. Por outro lado, as AFFs com maior ativo total têm maior probabilidade de obter nível regular ou insatisfatório em sua rentabilidade. Além disso, os índices de eficiência (IE) e o retorno médio das operações de crédito (RET) foram apontados como indicadores propícios à análise de desempenho das AFFs.

Resumen Las agencias financieras de desarrollo (AFF, por sus siglas en portugués) establecieron mecanismos para llevar a cabo políticas públicas de inversión y desarrollo, cuyo objetivo principal es la propagación del bienestar social, contribuyendo al desarrollo social y económico de los estados, con el fin de garantizar su sostenibilidad y reducir las desigualdades regionales y sociales. Dado este contexto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el nivel de eficiencia y rentabilidad de las AFF brasileñas. El estudio se caracteriza como una investigación descriptiva con enfoque cuantitativo. El análisis de los índices estándar se utilizó para analizar la eficiencia y la rentabilidad de estas agencias, así como las pruebas de medianas para verificar si el tamaño de la agencia influye en estos indicadores de desempeño. La muestra consistió en 14 AFF, en el período de 2012 a 2018. Los resultados mostraron que las AFF de mayor porte tienden a obtener un excelente nivel de eficiencia, mientras que las agencias con menos infraestructura se clasificaron como regulares e insatisfactorias; y que las AFF con mayores activos totales tienen más probabilidades de alcanzar un nivel de rentabilidad regular o insatisfactorio. Además, los índices de eficiencia (IE) y la rentabilidad media de las operaciones crediticias se identificaron como indicadores favorables para el análisis del desempeño de las AFF.

Abstract Development Finance Agencies (DFAs) carry out public investments and development policies. In Brazil, their main objective is to promote welfare, contribute to the states' social and economic development, guarantee sustainability, and reduce regional and social inequalities. This descriptive research adopted a quantitative approach and aimed to analyze the efficiency and profitability levels of DFAs in Brazilian states. Standard indicators were used to analyze these agencies' efficiency and profitability and median tests were conducted to verify whether the size of the agency influences the performance of the observed indicators. The sample consisted of 14 DFAs, in the period from 2012 to 2018. The results showed that larger DFAs tend to show an excellent efficiency level, while agencies with less infrastructure demonstrated regular and unsatisfactory efficiency. Also, DFAs with more significant total assets were more likely to present regular or unsatisfactory profitability. Finally, efficiency ratio (ER) and average return on credit operations (RCO) were identified as adequate indicators to analyze the DFAs' performance.

Confiabilidad y vigencia de un instrumento que mide el emprendimiento en comerciantes del centro de México / Reliability and validity of an instrument that measures entrepreneurship of merchants in central mexico

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to contribute to the validity and reliability of the Garcia Coffee Entrepreneurship Scale (2016). A non-experimental, cross-sectional, and exploratory study was conducted with a non-random selection of 300 coffee merchants. The results confirm the original report, although the incidence of another factor, that the literature identifies as cooperativism, is noted. The extension of the work to other scenarios and samples of micro entrepreneurs is suggested, in order to confirm the dimensions of the undertaking.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue contribuir a la validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Emprendimiento Cafetero de García (2016). Se realizó un estudio no experimental, transversal y exploratorio con una selección no aleatoria de 300 comerciantes de café. Los resultados confirman el informe original, aunque se nota la incidencia de otro factor que la literatura identifica como cooperativismo. Se sugiere la extensión del trabajo a otros escenarios y muestras de microempresarios con el fin de confirmar las dimensiones del emprendimiento.

Os desafios do financiamento do enfrentamento à COVID-19 no SUS dentro do pacto federativo / Los desafíos de la financiación del enfrentamiento a la COVID-19 en el SUS dentro del pacto federativo / The challenges of funding the Brazilian health system in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of the federative pact

Resumo O aprimoramento das regras de financiamento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em estados e municípios é um dos grandes desafios da saúde pública no Brasil. O objetivo deste artigo é contribuir para este amplo debate, analisando a resposta governamental ao desafio de combate à COVID-19, sob o prisma do financiamento público dos serviços de saúde dos governos subnacionais brasileiros. Uma abordagem quali-quantitativa é adotada, mesclando-se análise documental e análise de regressão. Resultados mostram que não houve mudança substantiva nos critérios de repasse, pouco sensíveis a fatores epidemiológicos. Ajustes nas normas de aplicação foram realizados para dar maior agilidade aos gastos. Tamanho populacional, produção de riquezas locais e número de leitos de internação parecem ser os principais fatores que definem a distribuição dos recursos. O desenho de financiamento do combate à COVID-19, assim como o volume de recursos parecem ser insuficientes frente à dimensão da crise.

Resumen La mejora de las normas de financiación del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) en los estados y municipios es uno de los principales desafíos de salud pública en Brasil. El propósito de este artículo es contribuir a este amplio debate, analizando la respuesta del gobierno al desafío de combatir COVID-19, bajo el prisma de la financiación pública para los servicios de salud de los gobiernos subnacionales brasileños. Se adopta un enfoque cualitativo cuantitativo, que combina el análisis documental y el análisis de regresión. Los resultados muestran que no hubo cambios sustanciales en los criterios de transferencia, poco sensibles a los factores epidemiológicos. Se hicieron ajustes a las reglas de aplicación para acelerar el gasto. El tamaño de la población, la producción de riqueza local y el número de camas de hospital parecen ser los principales factores que definen la distribución de los recursos. El diseño de financiamiento para combatir COVID-19, así como el volumen de recursos, parece ser insuficiente en vista de la magnitud de la crisis.

Abstract The improvement of rules to fund the Brazilian health system (SUS) in states and municipalities is one of the major public health challenges in Brazil. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this broad debate, analyzing the government's response to the challenge of combating COVID-19, from the perspective of public financing of health services of Brazilian subnational governments. A qualitative and quantitative approach is adopted, combining documentary analysis and regression analysis. The results show that there was no substantive change in the criteria for transfers, which are not sensitive to epidemiological factors. Adjustments to the application rules were made to speed up spending. Population size, production of local wealth, and the number of hospital beds are the main factors that define the distribution of resources. The funding design for combating COVID-19, as well as the volume of resources, are insufficient in view of the scale of the crisis.

National health insurance system for universal health coverage: prospects and challenges in Saudi Arabia

Universal health coverage (UHC) is one of the major health policy objectives to achieve a Nation’s sustainable development. This goal is achieved when all citizens in the country enjoy the highest standards of healthcare at no or low cost. Many countries around the world have achieved UHC through a national health insurance framework and have an extensive range of risks funded by government revenue and contributions from both employers and employees. This study examines the feasibility of developing a National Health Insurance System (NHIS) as a way to achieve UHC in Saudi Arabia. It also highlights the potential role of health insurance in health coverage, improving the quality of care, and use of healthcare. Although establishing a NHIS poses many challenges, addressing them makes it feasible to provide and finance healthcare in the country.

O financiamento da saúde frente ao novo regime fiscal / Funding for health in the new Brazilian tax regime

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o financiamento da saúde pública no Brasil, em especial as consequências da adoção do novo regime fiscal. Para isso, o método utilizado foi o levantamento bibliográfico nas principais bases de dados disponíveis, complementado por textos jornalísticos e análise das Ações Diretas de Inconstitucionalidade n. 5.595 e n. 5.658, que discutiram o tema. O artigo é dividido em quatro partes: (i) introdução sobre a constitucionalização do direito à saúde; (ii) exposição sobre os modos de financiamento da saúde pública, com enfoque nas Emendas Constitucionais n. 29/2000, n. 86/2015 e n. 95/2016; (iii) exame dos impactos do novo regime fiscal no setor da saúde, com destaque para suas implicações na judicialização da saúde; e (iv) a conclusão de que o novo regime fiscal trouxe medidas de austeridade que, além de reduzirem os recursos disponíveis para a saúde, impedem a expansão dos serviços de atendimento à população e têm grande potencial de aumentar as demandas judiciais por tratamentos e medicamentos.

The objective of this article is to analyze public health funding in Brazil, especially the consequences of the newly adopted fiscal regime. The method used was bibliographical survey, gathering articles from the main available databases, newspaper articles and the analysis of the Direct Actions of Unconstitutionality no. 5595 and no. 5658, which discussed the matter. The article is divided into four parts: (i) an introduction on the constitutionalization of the right to health; (ii) an exposition on public health funding approaches focusing on the Constitutional Amendments number 29/2000, 86/2015 and 95/2016; (iii) the examination of the impacts of the new fiscal regime on the health sector and a highlight of the impact of these measures in cases of health judicialization; and (iv) with the conclusion that the new fiscal regime has introduced austerity measures, which, in addition to reducing the health resources available, discourage the expansion of public health care, leading to a great potential of increasing legal demands for treatments and medicines.

Dinheiro e conjugalidade: posicionamentos e estratégias conjugais para resolução de dilemas financeiros / Money and conjugality: couples positioning and strategies for financial dilemma resolution

Objetivo. Este artigo toma por base um estudo empírico, com delineamento qualitativo, e busca compreender os posicionamentos e estratégias dos casais para a resolução de dilemas financeiros. Método. Participaram 12 indivíduos casados que apresentaram os níveis mais altos e os mais baixos na escala de ajustamento diádico. Essa seleção dos participantes ocorreu a partir de uma pesquisa anterior que avaliou 246 indivíduos casados para investigar relações entre significado e manejo do dinheiro, e ajustamento diádico e conflito conjugal. A análise foi realizada a partir de análise do conteúdo. Resultados. Os posicionamentos e as estratégias utilizadas pelos casais participantes reproduzem padrões financeiros aprendidos com suas famílias de origem, além de concordarem que o diálogo deveria ser a principal estratégia utilizada para a resolução dos conflitos financeiros. Conclusão. O diálogo sobre finanças pode oportunizar aproximação afetiva entre os cônjuges e maior empatia para compreender dificuldades oriundas do ciclo de vida conjugal.

Objective. This is an empirical study, with a qualitative design, that aims to understand how couples use their positions and strategies to solve financial dilemmas. Method. Six couples (twelve married individuals), who had the highest and lowest levels on the dyadic adjustment scale, participated in this study. Participants were selected based on an earlier survey, that evaluated 246 married individuals, in order to investigate relationships between meaning and money management, and dyadic adjustment and marital conflict. Content analysis of data was performed. Results. The couples used positions and strategies that reproduced financial patterns learned from their families of origin; besides, they agreed that dialogue should be the main strategy to solve their financial conflicts. Conclusion. Dialogue on finances can provide an affective approximation between the spouses and a higher empathy to understand difficulties that come from the conjugal life cycle.

Sources of finance for hospitalized treatment in India: Evidence for policy

A study of sources of finance which the household resorts to, in order to meet the hospitalization expense can be of use to policy makers who may want to work in the direction of providing financial security against hospitalization expenses to the masses. In this view, an attempt has been made to study the sources of finance for hospitalized treatment at an individual level based on criteria such as level of living, socio-economic background, level of care in India, as well as at state level through unit level data of the survey on “Social Consumption related to Health”, conducted by National Sample Survey (NSS) during January, 2014 to June, 2014. It has been found that the household's income or saving is not sufficient to meet the expenditure for hospitalized treatment and people have to borrow or arrange finance by other means for hospitalized treatment across the country. The results thereby suggest inputs to policy makers and re-establish the necessity of appropriate policy in order to provide financial security against escalating medical expenses.

Conjugalidade negociada: elementos para compreensão do significado que casais atribuem ao dinheiro / Negotiated Conjugality: Elements for Understanding the Meaning that Couples Attribute to Money

Resumo As recentes transformações socioeconômicas alteraram as relações conjugais, criando novos modelos e exigindo novas habilidades para o ajuste das relações afetivas. Assim, a gestão do dinheiro emerge como aspecto basilar para entender as relações conjugais. Objetivo deste estudo é compreender o significado que os cônjuges atribuem ao dinheiro e suas implicações na dinâmica conjugal. Para isto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória de caráter qualitativo com cinco casais de classe média. As informações coletadas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo e evidenciaram que o significado atribuído ao dinheiro pelos casais entrevistados está intrinsecamente relacionado ao modelo apreendido em suas famílias de origem, fazendo emergir conflitos e exigindo um exercício de negociação para preservação da vida conjugal.

Abstract Recent socioeconomic transformations have altered marital relationships, creating new models and requiring new skills to adjust affective relationships. Thus money management emerges as a basic aspect of understanding marital relationships. The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning that spouses attribute to money and its implications in the conjugal dynamics. For this, an exploratory qualitative study was carried out with five middle-class couples. The information collected was submitted to content analysis, and it showed that the meaning attributed to the money by the couples interviewed is intrinsically related to the model seized in their families of origin, causing conflicts to arise and requiring a negotiation exercise to preserve married life.

Gestão fiscal e pilares da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal: evidências em grandes municípios / Gestión fiscal y pilares de la Ley de Responsabilidad Fiscal: evidencias en los grandes municipios brasileños / Fiscal management and pillars of the Fiscal Responsibility Law in Brazil: evidence in large municipalities

Resumo De uma perspectiva multidimensional da gestão fiscal, este trabalho analisa a relação entre indicadores de cumprimento de metas e limites fiscais com variáveis representativas dos pilares planejamento, transparência e controle. O estudo utilizou dados primários de 282 municípios brasileiros, com população superior a 100 mil habitantes, no período de 2010 a 2013. Os indicadores fiscais não apresentaram relações significativas entre si e revelaram ainda reduzida associação com as demais variáveis representativas da gestão fiscal. Sugere-se que uma das razões esteja na diferença entre os incentivos que os gestores públicos têm para cumprir metas e limites fiscais e para atender os demais pilares. Esta pesquisa amplia a discussão sobre a avaliação da gestão fiscal responsável para além da literatura sobre indicadores de cumprimento de metas e limites fiscais.

Resumen Bajo una perspectiva multidimensional de la gestión fiscal, este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la relación entre indicadores de cumplimiento de metas y límites fiscales con variables que representan planificación, transparencia y control. El estudio utilizó datos primarios de 282 municipios brasileños, con más de 100 mil habitantes en el período 2010-13. Los indicadores fiscales no mostraron relaciones significativas entre ellos y también mostraron una asociación reducida con las otras variables representativas de la gestión fiscal. Se sugiere que una de las razones es la diferencia entre los incentivos que tienen los administradores públicos para cumplir las metas y los límites fiscales y para cumplir con los otros pilares. Esta investigación amplia la discusión sobre evaluación de la gestión fiscal responsable e indicadores de cumplimiento de las metas y límites fiscales.

Abstract Through a multidimensional perspective of fiscal management, the present study analyses the relationship between the indexes of fiscal compliance and fiscal limits with variables that represent the pillars of planning, transparency and control. The study used primary data from 282 Brazilian municipalities, with more than 100 thousand inhabitants, in the period between 2010 and 2013. The fiscal indexes did not present relevant mutual relationships and showed a reduced association with the other variables of fiscal management. It is suggested that one of the reasons lies in the difference between the incentives that public managers have to accomplish fiscal targets and limits and to comply with the other pillars. This paper broadens the discussion about responsible fiscal management evaluation, as well as the literature on indexes of compliance with targets and fiscal limits.

An Overview of the Risk Sharing Management in Korean National Health Insurance, Focused on the Effect of the Patient Access and Insurance Finance

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the Risk Sharing Agreement (RSA) on pharmaceutical pricing system in Korean national health insurance. Through RSA, the insurer was able to maintain the principles in the price listing process while managing the budget effectively and improving patient access to new drugs. Despite these positive effects, there are still issues raised by some stakeholders, such as lack of transparency in the listing process and doubts about its effectiveness. Therefore, we investigated the impacts of RSA on national health insurance financing and patient access to analyze the effects of RSA. METHODS: The impact of RSA was investigated by analyzing the health insurance claims data for 2014~2016. The degree of improvement in patient access was determined by the decreased amount of patients' payment. RESULTS: Results showed that the financial impact of RSA was not significant and patients' access to the new drug greatly improved. CONCLUSION: These results show that RSA is a good system for improving patient access to new drugs without additional expense on insurance.

Analysis on the Development Status and References of the Private Finance Initiative Hospital Program in UK's National Health Service / 中国卫生经济

According to the official website of the Department of Health & Social Care,Mainly media and Independent research sector in UK and the literature analysis,it obtained related information about PFI in the UK's National Health Service(NHS).Through the description of status quo of the development of Private Finance Initiative(PFI) programs,it analyzed the existential issues,influences and improvement measures,so as to provide references for China's Public-Private Partnership(PPP)/PFI programs.